A case report of refractory Kawasaki disease

Introduction: Objectives: Methods: Results: A four-months old infant was referred for fever for two days and dyspnea. He had bilateral conjunctival hyperemia;bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy;truncal exanthem;perineal erythema;dry cough;normal cardiac, thoracic, and abdominal examination. Nasopharyngeal swab was negative for SARS-CoV-2. His routine analysis showed: Hb 9,9 g/dl;leukocytes 12000/mm3 (neutrophils 60%;lymphocytes 13%);platelets 430000/mm3;CRP 19 mg/dl (normal values < 0,5 mg/dl);ESR 94;Serum Amyloid A 1430 mg/l;ferritin 883 ng/ml. His chest X-ray showed an interstitial pattern. His first echocardiographic evaluation only showed a minimal pericardial effusion, and normal coronary arteries. The patient received two consecutive intravenous infusions of immunoglobulins (2 g/kg), associated with 2 mg/kg/day methylprednisolone, with consequent apyrexia and reduction of CRP (4,5 mg/dl). He also started 3 mg/kg/day aspirin. After two days from the second infusion, fever reappeared together with coronary dilatation: diameter was 2,4 mm for LCA (z-score 3,16);2,4 mm for LAD (z-score 4,49);2,5 mm for RCA (z-score 4,13). Exams showed CRP 6,57 mg/dl;leukocytes 62860/mm3 (73% neutrophils);platelets 1532000/mm3. The child then received Intravenous pulses of 30 mg/kg/day methylprednisolone in three consecutive days, and started 4 mg/kg/day anakinra. The pulses were followed by apyrexia, with CRP 6,54 mg/dl. Four days later CRP was 8,96 mg/dl, so anakinra was interrupted, and 5 mg/kg infliximab was started. Echocardiogram showed rapidly evolving giant coronary aneurysms: diameter was 6 mm for LCA (z-score 15,79);6,5 mm for LAD (z-score 16,41);5 mm for RCA (z-score 11,72). Due to the rapid evolution of aneurysms and an elevated z-score (> 10), 1 mg/kg/dose enoxaparin was started, according to the Kawasaki disease guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA) (Circulation, 2017). The patient also started ECG, troponin and BNP monitoring. Three days later, the coronary arteries showed further dilatation. Seven days after infliximab infusion, RCA developed a rosary bead - like pattern. There was a gradual improvement of general clinical conditions with reduction of inflammatory markers (negative CRP, ESR 22, leukocytes 28580/mm3, platelets 800000/mm3 after ten days from infliximab infusion), so steroid tapering was started. Because of an increased thromboembolic risk (due to thrombocytosis and to the accelerated blood flow in stenotic coronary traits), clopidogrel 0,5 mg/kg/day was added, according to AHA guidelines. Thirty days after symptom onset, also LDA developed a rosary bead - like pattern. CRP was 1,27 mg/dl and ESR was 37. The patient was then transferred to Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, started 5 mg/kg/day cyclosporin and, after further coronary dilatation (LDA 11 mm;RCA 9 mm), 3 mg/kg/day propranolol and warfarin. A CT angiogram confirmed the aneurysms, and excluded any aortic dilatations. Epiaortic vessels were spared. An increase of cyclosporin dose to 8 mg/kg/day was followed by stabilization of coronary aneurysms. Conclusion: The extreme refractariety of coronary disease, despite aggressive therapy and biologics, is rather clear. The rapid evolution could be explained, though only in part, by a few risk factors such as age below 12 months and elevated CRP. These factors are well known, even though they are not mentioned in guidelines. ed.

Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Mobility: A Real Case Study from Italy

When COVID-19 first struck the provinces of Northern Italy in early 2020 (especially in Lombardy and in EmiliaRomagna), the conditions there made it a perfect storm. The virus outbreak spread with an unusual violence (in the period from late February to April 2020), with a catastrophic toll in terms of human deaths. Taken by surprise, Italy mandated a complete nation-wide lockdown, successively resorting to ministerial decrees alleviating and postponing the restrictions. Now more than ever, there is an increased awareness on ICT used to combat the pandemic. In this article, we present a quantitative analysis evidencing the impact of restrictions on mobility. To this end, we rely on a vehicular mobility dataset confined in the downtown area of Bologna, Italy. Pursuing the objective, we propose a modified version of a state-of-theart data mining algorithm, allowing us to efficiently identify and quantify mobility flows. The proposal, if combined with additional data sources, could allow for a fine-grained and timely decision making, combating the pandemic.